Instructional design models are used to create effective learning experiences. There are many different types of instructional design models, each with its own unique approach and advantages. The most common types of instructional design models include the ADDIE model, Dick and Carey Model, Merrill’s Component Display Theory (CDT), Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction, Kemp Design Process Model, Keller Plan for Systematic Instruction (KPSI), Morrison-Ross-Kemp Cognitive Domain Learning Model (MRK) and Reigeluth’s Elaboration Theory. The ADDIE model is an acronym for Analysis, Design Development Implementation Evaluation which involves a five step process that begins with analyzing the needs of learners and ends with evaluating the effectiveness of instruction. The Dick & Carey Model is based on systems theory and consists of four phases: analysis; design; development; implementation/evaluation. Merrill’s CDT focuses on creating meaningful learning experiences by breaking down complex tasks into small components or chunks that can be easily learned one at a time. Gagne’s Nine Events includes nine steps that must be taken in order to ensure effective instruction including gaining attention from learners; informing them about objectives; stimulating recall of prior knowledge; presenting new material; providing guidance for learner practice activities; obtaining performance feedback from learners ; enhancing retention through reinforcement activities ; assessing performance outcomes ; and finally providing motivation to transfer what has been learned into other contexts .The Kemp Design Process Model consists of six stages: analyze user needs , identify goals , define content , develop strategies , implement solutions , evaluate results . Keller Plan for Systematic Instruction (KPSI) uses a three phase approach – preparation phase where the instructor designs the course materials ; presentation phase where they present those materials to students ; assessment phase where they assess student progress .The Morrison-Ross-Kemp Cognitive Domain Learning Model emphasizes active participation by learners as well as clear objectives so that students understand what it is they should learn from their experience . Finally Reigeluth’s Elaboration Theory promotes “scaffolding” whereby instructors provide just enough support during instruction so that students can gradually build upon their understanding until they have mastered all aspects related to a particular concept or skill set.
Instructional design models are a powerful tool for enhancing English language learning. They provide structure and guidance to the teaching process, helping learners acquire new skills more effectively. By breaking down complex tasks into smaller chunks, instructional design models help teachers identify objectives and create effective lesson plans that focus on specific goals. For example, the ADDIE model is widely used in educational settings to develop courses and curricula; it stands for Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. This five-step process helps educators analyze learner needs before designing instruction tailored to those needs; develop materials based on these designs; implement them in the classroom; and evaluate their effectiveness afterwards. Other popular instructional design models include Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction (which focuses on how information is presented) and Bloom’s Taxonomy (which outlines different levels of cognitive thinking). By using one or more of these models when creating lessons or activities for English language learners, teachers can ensure that students have a clear understanding of what they need to learn as well as how best to go about doing so.
