Instructional design models are frameworks used to plan and develop effective instruction. They provide a systematic approach for analyzing learning needs, designing instructional activities, selecting appropriate delivery methods, developing assessment strategies, and evaluating the effectiveness of instruction. The most common types of instructional design models include ADDIE (Analysis-Design-Development-Implementation-Evaluation), Dick & Carey Systems Approach Model, Kemp Design Model, Merrill’s First Principles of Instruction Model, Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction Model and Keller’s ARCS Motivation Model. The ADDIE model is a generic process that can be applied to any type of instruction or educational intervention. It involves five phases: Analysis – which includes identifying the goals and objectives; Design – which outlines the course content; Development – where materials are created; Implementation – where learners interact with the material; Evaluation – which assesses how well learners achieved their goals. The Dick & Carey Systems Approach Model is based on cognitive theory and provides an eight step process for creating effective instruction: analyze learner characteristics; define performance objectives; select strategies/media/methods/materials; develop learning activities/instructional materials; implement instructional program evaluation plan (formative); conduct formative evaluation(during development); conduct summative evaluation (after implementation) ; revise as needed. The Kemp Design model is a three stage process consisting of Preparation Stage – including analysis tasks such as determining audience needs and setting objectives.; Development Stage – involving tasks such as writing test items and developing teaching aids.; Delivery Stage – including tasks such as conducting training sessions or providing feedback on tests taken by students.. Merrill’s First Principles of Instruction model proposes that successful instruction should focus on four principles: meaningfulness (ensuring relevance to real world applications), active processing (encouraging learners to think deeply about what they learn), generality (teaching general concepts rather than isolated facts) ,and condition specificity (tailoring instructions according to different conditions). Gagne’s Nine Events Of Instruction identifies nine steps in delivering effective instruction: gain attention, inform learners about objectives, stimulate recall prior knowledge related to topic being taught , present new information through examples or demonstrations , provide practice exercises with guidance if necessary , elicit performance without guidance if possible , give feedback regarding correctness / incorrectness , assess performance against established criteria for mastery level achievement., enhance retention transfer by relating new material with prior knowledge . Finally Keller’s ARCS Motivation Model suggests four components necessary for successful motivation during learning : Attention — capture learner interest ; Relevance — make it relevant so it connects with learner experiences ; Confidence — build confidence through small successes ; Satisfaction — create satisfaction from completing task successfully .
Instructional design models provide a framework for creating effective learning experiences. They are based on theories of how people learn and the principles of instructional design. Models help to ensure that learners receive instruction that is well-structured, organized, and appropriate for their needs. There are many different instructional design models available, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. The most popular models include ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation & Evaluation), SAM (Successive Approximation Model), Dick & Carey (Systems Approach to Instructional Design) and Kemp’s ISD model (Instructional Systems Design). Each model has specific steps or phases that must be followed in order to create an effective learning experience. For example, the ADDIE model includes five distinct phases: Analysis; Design; Development; Implementation; and Evaluation. During the analysis phase you would analyze learner characteristics such as prior knowledge or skills needed for success in a given task or subject area. During the design phase you would develop objectives which will guide instruction throughout all subsequent phases of development. In the development phase you would create materials such as course content or activities that support those objectives while taking into account any constraints related to time or resources available during implementation. Finally in evaluation you would measure whether learners have achieved desired outcomes from instruction provided using this particular model
