Instructional design models are frameworks used to organize and structure the process of creating instructional materials. They provide a systematic approach for analyzing learning needs, designing instruction, developing content, selecting delivery methods, implementing instruction, and evaluating outcomes. There are many different types of instructional design models that can be used in various educational settings. The most commonly used models include ADDIE (Analysis-Design-Development-Implementation-Evaluation), SAM (Successive Approximation Model), Dick & Carey Model (Systematic Design Process), Kemp’s CIPP Model (Contextual Inquiry Performance Profile) and Merrill’s First Principles of Instruction. Each model has its own unique characteristics that make it suitable for certain applications but all share some common features such as defining objectives; identifying target audience; determining desired outcomes; conducting an analysis of learners’ knowledge and skills; designing appropriate activities or tasks to meet the objectives; developing effective instruction materials based on those activities or tasks; selecting appropriate media for delivering the material to learners; implementing the designed plan with learners through practice or application exercises if needed; and finally evaluating performance against set goals.
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